Spital Clinic offers comprehensive care for women with polyps, abnormal growths that can develop in the uterine lining or cervical canal.
Polyps are abnormal growths that can develop in various organs and tissues throughout the body. In the context of gynaecological health, polyps most commonly refer to endometrial polyps (uterine polyps) or cervical polyps. Endometrial polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus, arising from the endometrium (uterine lining). Cervical polyps are growths that develop on the surface of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
Polyps are usually benign (non-cancerous) and may not always cause symptoms. However, in some cases, they can lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding, menstrual irregularities, or fertility issues. The exact cause of polyps is not well understood, but they are thought to be influenced by hormonal imbalances, particularly an excess of oestrogen.
Diagnosing polyps typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and tissue sampling. During a pelvic exam, the healthcare provider may be able to visually identify cervical polyps or feel the presence of endometrial polyps. However, further testing is usually necessary to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
Transvaginal ultrasound is often the first-line imaging test for detecting endometrial polyps. This procedure involves inserting a small ultrasound probe into the vagina to create detailed images of the uterus and identify any abnormal growths. In some cases, a hysteroscopy may be recommended, which allows the doctor to directly visualise the inside of the uterus using a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) inserted through the cervix. During a hysteroscopy, the doctor can also remove polyps or take tissue samples (biopsy) for laboratory analysis to determine if the growth is benign or cancerous.
Treatment for polyps depends on several factors, including the type and size of the polyp, the presence of symptoms, and the woman's age and reproductive goals. In some cases, small, asymptomatic polyps may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored over time for any changes or growth.
When treatment is necessary, the most common approach is surgical removal of the polyp. For cervical polyps, this can often be done in the doctor's office using a simple procedure called polypectomy, which involves gently twisting or cutting off the polyp at its base. Endometrial polyps are typically removed through hysteroscopy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows the doctor to visualise and remove the polyp using specialised instruments inserted through the hysteroscope. In rare cases where polyps are found to be cancerous, more extensive surgery, such as a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), may be necessary.
Several factors can increase a woman's risk of developing polyps, including age (being perimenopausal or postmenopausal), obesity, high blood pressure, and a history of taking tamoxifen, a medication used to treat breast cancer. Hormonal imbalances, particularly an excess of oestrogen, are also thought to contribute to the development of polyps. Some studies suggest that genetics may play a role, as polyps tend to run in families.
The impact of polyps on a woman's life can vary depending on the presence and severity of symptoms. For some women, polyps may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may not significantly affect their daily activities or quality of life. However, for others, symptoms such as heavy or irregular bleeding, pain, and fertility issues can be distressing and disruptive. These symptoms can lead to physical discomfort, emotional stress, and concerns about reproductive health. Seeking prompt medical evaluation and treatment can help alleviate symptoms, rule out more serious conditions, and provide peace of mind.
Spital Clinic is a multidisciplinary clinic offering high quality and accessible services such as Private GP, Ultrasound Scans, Women's Health, Men's Health and Health Screenings.
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The vast majority of polyps are benign (non-cancerous). However, in rare cases, endometrial polyps can contain cancerous cells or develop into cancer over time. The risk of malignancy is higher in postmenopausal women and those with certain risk factors, such as obesity or a history of tamoxifen use. When polyps are removed, they are typically sent for laboratory analysis to confirm that they are benign and to rule out the presence of cancerous cells.
While the removal of polyps is generally effective, there is a possibility that polyps can recur, especially if the underlying hormonal imbalances or risk factors are not addressed. Studies suggest that the recurrence rate for endometrial polyps after hysteroscopic removal is approximately 15-30%, depending on the patient's age, menopausal status, and other factors. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider and addressing any modifiable risk factors, such as obesity or hormone replacement therapy, can help reduce the risk of polyp recurrence.
In some cases, polyps can contribute to fertility issues, particularly if they are large or located in a position that obstructs the cervix or uterine cavity. Polyps may interfere with the implantation of a fertilised egg or disrupt the normal development of the endometrial lining, which is essential for supporting a pregnancy. Removing polyps, especially prior to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), can improve the chances of successful conception and pregnancy. Women with a history of polyps who are trying to conceive should consult with a fertility specialist to discuss their individual needs and treatment options.
Untreated fibroids can lead to worsening symptoms and complications over time. It is important for individuals with fibroids to have regular follow-ups with their healthcare provider to monitor the condition and discuss appropriate treatment options if necessary.
Polyps and fibroids are both abnormal growths that can develop in the female reproductive system, but they have distinct characteristics and origins. Here are the main differences between polyps and fibroids:
1. Location:
- Polyps: Polyps can grow in various parts of the reproductive system, including the cervix, uterus (endometrial polyps), and vagina.
- Fibroids: Fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, develop within the muscular wall of the uterus.
2. Composition:
- Polyps: Polyps are typically soft, small, and fragile growths that arise from the mucous membranes lining the reproductive organs.
- Fibroids: Fibroids are firm, compact tumors made up of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue.
3. Size:
- Polyps: Polyps are usually small, ranging from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in size.
- Fibroids: Fibroids can vary greatly in size, from small seedlings to large masses that can distort the shape of the uterus. Some fibroids can grow to the size of a full-term pregnancy.
4. Symptoms:
- Polyps: Polyps may cause irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods, or bleeding after menopause. Some polyps may be asymptomatic.
- Fibroids: Fibroids can cause heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, frequent urination, constipation, and in some cases, fertility issues.
5. Malignancy risk:
- Polyps: While most polyps are benign, a small percentage (less than 1%) of endometrial polyps may develop into cancer.
- Fibroids: Fibroids are almost always benign, with an extremely rare chance (less than 1 in 1,000) of developing into a cancerous tumor called leiomyosarcoma.
6. Treatment:
- Polyps: Polyps can often be easily removed through a minimally invasive procedure called a hysteroscopy, which involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through the cervix to visualize and remove the polyp.
- Fibroids: Treatment for fibroids depends on their size, location, and the severity of symptoms. Options may include medications to control symptoms, minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization or myomectomy, or in severe cases, a hysterectomy.
While both polyps and fibroids can cause abnormal uterine bleeding and other symptoms, they are distinct conditions with different characteristics and treatment approaches. If you experience any concerning symptoms or have a history of polyps or fibroids, consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management.
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Our medical centre is at 36 Spital Square, E1 6DY, City of London.
